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An analysis of the technologies used by cybercriminals allows us to draw conclusions about the virus industry’s possible vectors of development and more effectively confront future threats. You, too, can learn what actions various malicious programs take in infected systems and how to withstand them.
A family of Linux Trojans. One of its representatives is described below.
A modified version of Linux.DDoS.87 and Linux.DDoS.89. Its main differences from Linux.DDoS.89 are as follows:
The Trojan’s configuration looks as follows:
Number | Value | Purpose |
---|---|---|
3 | listening tun0 | main output to stdin |
4 | Host | Command and control (C&C) server’s IP address |
5 | Port | C&C server’s port |
6 | "https://youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ" | |
7 | "/proc/" | runkiller |
8 | "/exe" | runkiller |
9 | " (deleted)" | |
10 | "/fd" | runkiller |
11 | ".anime" | runkiller |
12 | "REPORT %s:%s" | runkiller |
13 | "HTTPFLOOD" | runkiller |
14 | "LOLNOGTFO" | runkiller |
15 | "\x58\x4D\x4E\x4E\x43\x50\x46\x22" | runkiller |
16 | "zollard" | runkiller |
17 | "GETLOCALIP" | |
18 | Host | |
19 | Port | |
20 | "shell" | |
21 | "enable" | |
22 | "system" | |
23 | "sh" | |
24 | "/bin/busybox MIRAI" | |
25 | "MIRAI: applet not found" | |
26 | "ncorrect" | |
27 | "/bin/busybox ps" | |
28 | "/bin/busybox kill -9 " | |
29 | "TSource Engine Query" | |
30 | "/etc/resolv.conf" | |
31 | "nameserver" | |
32 | "Connection: keep-alive" | |
33 | "Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8" | |
34 | "Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8" | |
35 | "Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded" | |
36 | "setCookie('" | |
37 | "refresh:" | |
38 | "location:" | |
39 | "set-cookie:" | |
40 | "content-length:" | |
41 | "transfer-encoding:" | |
42 | "chunked" | |
43 | "keep-alive" | |
44 | "connection:" | |
45 | "server: dosarrest" | |
46 | "server: cloudflare-nginx" | |
47 | "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.103 Safari/537.36" | User Agent |
48 | "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36" | User Agent |
49 | "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.103 Safari/537.36" | User Agent |
50 | "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36" | User Agent |
51 | "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_6) AppleWebKit/601.7.7 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/9.1.2 Safari/601.7.7" | User Agent |
All samples of the Trojan use a function that hides the following strings:
def decode(str_enc):
return "".join([chr(ord(x) ^ 0x22) for x in str_enc])
Once launched, the Trojan removes its executable file from the disk, blocks the SIGINT signal with the help of sigprocmask, and sets the parameter SIG_IGN for SIGCHLD and a handler for SIGTRAP.
Then the Trojan tries to open the /dev/watchdog file for reading/writing (/dev/misc/watchdog is also checked) and, if successful, disables the watchdog timer.
ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETOPTION, WDIOS_DISABLECARD)
The Trojan subsequently opens a root folder and sends a request to the address 8.8.8.8:53 to get the IP address of its network traffic.
Next, the Trojan calculates a function taken from the argv[0] value:
def check(name):
print name
a = [ord(x) for x in name]
sum = (0 - 0x51) & 0xff
for i in [2,4,6,8,10,12]:
z = (~a[i % len(a)] & 0xff)
sum = (sum + z)&0xff
#print "%x %x %x" % (z, sum, sum % 9)
return sum % 9
This function returns a number from 0 to 8 that represents an index in a function array:
off_8055DC0 dd offset bind_socket ; DATA XREF: main+109o
.rodata:08055DC4 dd offset sub_80517E0
.rodata:08055DC8 dd offset sub_8051730
.rodata:08055DCC dd offset create_config
.rodata:08055DD0 dd offset sub_8051760
.rodata:08055DD4 dd offset sub_80523F0
.rodata:08055DD8 dd offset strcopy
.rodata:08055DDC dd offset runkiller
.rodata:08055DE0 dd offset sub_804E900
If argv[0] == “./dvrHelper”, a parental process receives the SIGTRAP signal (for which a handler was previously installed). The handler, in turn, modifies the IP address taken from the configuration and the C&C server’s port to which the Trojan will connect.
Then a listening socket is opened at the address 127.0.0.1:48101. If this port is busy with another process, the Trojan runs a function that finds the process and kills it.
The Trojan subsequently generates a name that looks like a random sequence containing the characters [a-z 0-9] and writes it to argv[0]. Using the prctl function, the process’s name is changed to a random one.
Next, the Trojan creates child processes and terminates the parental one. All further steps are performed in a child process—in particular, a structure containing handlers is filled in. Then a function responsible for scanning telnet nodes and a function that terminates the processes of other Trojans are launched. The Trojan then runs a handler for incoming instructions sent from the C&C server. If the Trojan detects that a connection to a local server is being established, it runs a child process to scan vulnerable telnet nodes and terminates the parental process.
The picture below shows a code fragment for Linux.DDoS.87 (left column) and Linux.Mirai (right column).
Linux.Mirai.2727
Linux.Mirai.2733
Linux.Mirai.2738
Linux.Mirai.2740
Linux.Mirai.2745
Linux.Mirai.2751
Linux.Mirai.2752
Linux.Mirai.2753
Linux.Mirai.2759
Linux.Mirai.2768
Linux.Mirai.2769
Linux.Mirai.2770
Linux.Mirai.2810
Linux.Mirai.2812
Linux.Mirai.2813
Linux.Mirai.2817
Linux.Mirai.2847
Linux.Mirai.2848
Linux.Mirai.2849
Linux.Mirai.2853
Linux.Mirai.2862
Linux.Mirai.2912
Linux.Mirai.2945
Linux.Mirai.2964
Linux.Mirai.2967
Linux.Mirai.2969
Linux.Mirai.2980
Linux.Mirai.2985
Linux.Mirai.2986
Linux.Mirai.2987
Linux.Mirai.2988
Linux.Mirai.2989
Linux.Mirai.2990
Linux.Mirai.2991
Linux.Mirai.2992
Linux.Mirai.2993
Linux.Mirai.2994
Linux.Mirai.2995
Linux.Mirai.2996
Linux.Mirai.3030
Linux.Mirai.3031
Linux.Mirai.3032
Linux.Mirai.3033
Linux.Mirai.3034
Linux.Mirai.3035
Linux.Mirai.3036
Linux.Mirai.3037
Linux.Mirai.3074
Linux.Mirai.3076
Linux.Mirai.3077
According to statistics, every fifth program for Android contains a vulnerability (or, in other words, a "loophole") that lets cybercriminals successfully introduce Trojans onto mobile devices and manipulate them into doing whatever actions they need them to.
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